Pharmaceutics Xenobiotics Across Bio Membrane Practice Test

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• Which of the following are advantages of intravenous administration?
• Which skin layer is most closely associated with the barrier to diffusion in the skin?
• Is it true that a drug with a low blood-gas coefficient carries a high overdose risk due to rapid absorption?
• Which drugs can complex with calcium to reduce absorption? How does the concentration-time curve shift?
• Which ion is associated with intracellular water sequestration in cells?
• A drug X is a weak acid. The patient has an increased gastric emptying rate. How will the concentration-time curve be affected?
• Which statement correctly describes the effect of highly charged molecules on absorption (ct curve)?
• After buccal/sublingual absorption, the drug first enters which circulation path?
• During inflammation, why might a drug with paracellular transport pass through more easily?
• Which statement is correct regarding onset of drug action?
• Which drug is described as saturating P-gp and increasing absorption of other drugs?
• True or False: The plasma concentration is typically lower than the concentration at the site of absorption.
• With a drug of pKa 3, plasma pH 7.4 and stomach pH 1.2, where would you expect higher concentrations?
• To increase absorption when equilibrium at the absorption site is reached, which strategy is effective?
• According to the relation between charge and ct curve, which statement is true?
• The behavior of a drug in the body depends on which factors?
• With the same amount of drug given IM and SubQ, which route has faster onset?
• Which factor most directly enhances transcellular transport?
• Effect on the concentration-time curve when P-glycoprotein reduces absorption?
• Which form is favored by a weak acid in the acidic environment of the stomach?
• Why must IV infusion rate be carefully controlled?
• Absorption in the large intestine is characterized by which statement?
• Which of the following describes the outer layer of dead epithelial cells that limits absorption?
• If a drug precipitates in the stomach, what is the effect on the CT curve?
• What best describes receptor-mediated endocytosis?
• What effect would adding a vasoconstrictor to a subcutaneous injection have on absorption?
• Membrane proteins in the fluid mosaic model facilitate transport of which molecules?
• In active transport, does the concentration gradient drive the transport rate?
• What characteristics does weak electrolytes give drugs?
• Transport mechanisms that require carrier proteins (facilitated diffusion and active transport) are subject to competition and saturation.
• Which statement correctly contrasts diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
• Which particle size category would most likely reach the alveolar region?
• Which process is responsible for trafficking substances from inside the cell to the extracellular space?
• Which of the following are disadvantages of intravenous administration?
• Which route generally provides faster systemic absorption for similar drugs?
• Lipid-soluble drugs that enter the lymphatics may bypass first-pass metabolism, affecting bioavailability how?
• Where will weak acids be ion trapped?
• Which statement about absorption in the oral cavity is true?
• Which drug class will increase gastric emptying rate?
• Where does most of absorption in the small intestine occur, and why?
• Which drugs are known to complex with calcium and stay in bone/teeth?
• Compared to IM, subQ injections have slower and more constant absorption.
• What explains why more drugs are absorbed in the small intestines?
• What substances can cross the semipermeable cell membrane?
• Which of the following is a primary advantage of buccal/sublingual tablets?
• What is a disadvantage of buccal/sublingual tablets?
• Carrier-mediated transport is best described as:
• If a drug is rapidly absorbed due to high lipid solubility and enters the lymphatics, what is the likely impact on bioavailability after oral administration?
• Which statement best explains how a barrier like food reduces absorption?
• If a solid is ingested and slows gastric emptying, allowing a weak acid to remain in the stomach longer, why might absorption not always increase?
• How are inhaled drug particles classified by size and where do they reach?
• Co-injecting hyaluronidase with an IM injection mainly results in what effect?
• Peyer's patches are located in which tissue?
• Induction of P-glycoprotein will shift the concentration-time curve in which direction?
• Rifampicin, a P-gp inducer, has what effect on the absorption of other substances?
• Which statement correctly describes particles that reach the alveoli for absorption and their possible absorption pathways?
• If a drug is highly bound to tissue proteins, how does this affect half-life?
• Among formulations, which has the fastest rate of dissolution?
• A drug X is a weak base. Do you expect more drug in stomach or plasma?
• How is gastric emptying rate affected by what you eat?
• Which factor increases alveolar gas absorption?
• Where are weak bases ion trapped?
• How does GI motility relate to absorption?
• Which statement about facilitated diffusion is true?
• Which term best describes the order of absorption in Fick's framework when rate is proportional to a concentration term?
• Which factors can increase gastric emptying rate?
• Which factor can affect the absorption and rate of IM/SC administration?
• Where is P-glycoprotein located on GI tract cells?
• If a drug is a significant substrate for P-glycoprotein, what is the expected effect on its systemic exposure?
• For a weak base with shorter gastric emptying time, what is the expected shift of the CT curve?
• Which transport pathway involves substances passing through the cell membrane itself rather than between cells?
• In carrier-mediated transport, what does saturation imply compared to diffusion?
• Which statement best supports that skin thickness affects penetration?
• Why do anesthetics easily enter into CNS and have quick effect?
• Increase in splanchnic blood flow during eating can ______ absorption because more blood flow maintains a strong concentration gradient that increases net movement.
• A vasodilator would ______ rate of absorption.
• Which condition would prevent a drug from being absorbed to its maximum due to efflux?
• Which method can be used to recall a drug given orally?
• A weak base with a pKa around 7 is in the stomach (pH 1.2). What is its ionization state in the stomach?
• Which statement about transcellular transport is correct?
• Which formulation will produce a concentration-time curve furthest to the left?
• Rifampicin's effect on P-gp expression is to:
• Which type of drug is most readily absorbed in the mouth?
• What happens when tetracycline is taken with calcium?
• Molecules larger than what molecular weight range require specialized carriers to cross membranes?
• What is the function of P-glycoprotein across the following organs: intestine, liver, kidney, and brain?
• Which factor may increase gastric emptying rate and may increase absorption of water-soluble drugs?
• Which property explains rapid CNS entry by crossing the blood-brain barrier?
• Expansion of the vascular compartment would have what effect on drug concentrations?
• What is the main factor in determining absorption of particulate matter in the lung?
• Which statement describes how food acting as a physical barrier affects the concentration-time curve?
• In diffusion across membranes, how does increasing the concentration gradient affect the transport rate?
• Where is the highest density of transporters found in the gastrointestinal tract?
• Paracellular transport depends primarily on which property of the drug?
• Pinocytosis: engulfs liquids and small particles. Which statement is correct?
• Which factors decrease gastric emptying rate (increase time in the stomach)?
• Which factor primarily explains the rapid onset of action for inhaled drugs?
• For the most rapid digestion, which ANS dominance leads to increased gastric emptying rate?
• In tropical climates, what issue can affect transdermal drug delivery?
• Exocytosis is the process by which ...
• Which statement is true about IM versus SubQ administration?
• Compared to oral administration, an intramuscular injection typically produces which shift in the concentration-time curve?
• What happens to the height of the CT curve when a buccal tablet is pulverized?
• Will a very lipophilic drug administered via inhalation be found in the bloodstream?
• To achieve slower release for a lipophilic drug in an IM injection, which solvent would slow release?
• Which hemorrhoidal veins provide rapid absorption routes bypassing hepatic metabolism, and which path is slower and directs blood to the liver?
• If Cp is negligible, what becomes the driving concentration term in the absorption rate equation?
• How would lower cardiac output affect subcutaneous administration?
• Epidural administration involves delivery into which anatomical space?
• Active transport can be observed at both sites of absorption and sites of elimination. True or False?
• Which type of drugs tend to diffuse through cell membranes most readily?
• Which form of a drug is water soluble?
• What is the primary reason that drug precipitation in the stomach reduces absorption?
• If a drug is trapped in the nasopharyngeal region, what can be said about its activity?
• In active transport, what happens when multiple drugs compete for the same carrier?
• Why is neutral pH in the mouth favorable for absorbing weak bases?
• If a drug is not in the stomach and has crossed into plasma due to its charge, what kind of drug can it be?
• Not all oral drugs pass through the liver before reaching systemic circulation; some may bypass hepatic metabolism. Which statement is true?
• Which is an advantage of IM administration for GI-irritating drugs?
• Which type tends to be more in plasma than stomach?
• If a weak base spends more time in the stomach, this will shift the concentration-time curve ______.
• Intravenous administration is particularly useful for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index because it provides precise control of exposure.
• Which statement best describes saturation and competition in transporter-mediated processes?
• Muscles tend to be highly vascularized. This implies IM injections have quicker onset than oral administration. True or false?
• Active transport is only used to move molecules against the concentration gradient. True or False?
• If a buccal/sublingual tablet is pulverized, how does the CT curve change?
• When diffusion constants and geometry are constant and Cp is negligible, the absorption rate is proportional to which term?
• Which of the following is NOT a recommended characteristic of subcutaneous injections?
• Which route can bypass first-pass effect to improve bioavailability?
• If a patient vomits after taking an oral drug, how does this affect the plasma concentration-time curve?
• Diarrhea effect on absorption?
• What is a major drawback of IV administration?
• If a sublingual tablet is swallowed, what happens to the concentration–time (CT) curve?
• Which statement is true regarding skin thickness and drug absorption?
• If a drug is metabolized in the GI tract to an inactive metabolite, what is the effect on absorption and pharmacologic action?
• Increasing the concentration of a drug undergoing facilitated diffusion will increase the rate of absorption.
• The stomach may trap drugs that are ____________, leading to drug accumulation.
• How can charged molecules cross the lipid membrane according to ion-pair concepts?
• At equilibrium, is the number of molecules on each side of a membrane guaranteed to be equal?
• Which of the following describes typical characteristics of a subcutaneous injection?
• Do lipid-soluble molecules strictly follow Fick's law of diffusion in pharmacokinetic modeling?
• Which statement about active transport is true?
• Where does most absorption occur in the small intestine?
• Which statement correctly describes a pharmacokinetic advantage of intramuscular injection compared to subcutaneous administration?
• Facilitated diffusion is defined as:
• Tight junctions during inflammation affect paracellular transport by doing what?
• What is the effect of high P-gp expression on drug absorption?
• In the context of weak acids, what effect does longer gastric residence time have on absorption?
• For a gas with a high blood-gas partition coefficient, which factors influence transfer from alveoli to blood?
• If the site of absorption has reached equilibrium due to a weak concentration gradient, what would the CT curve look like?
• Which molecule is stored at adrenergic storage sites?
• Endocytosis is the process of moving substances into a cell. Which best describes endocytosis?
• What is the primary action of hyaluronidase that enhances absorption?
• How does dense connective tissue affect the CT curve of an IM drug?
• Which site is commonly described as having the thinnest stratum corneum among heel, scrotum, forearm, and back?
• Which statement best describes the fate of large inhaled particles in the respiratory tract?
• Which statement about the alveolar region contributes to rapid absorption of inhaled drugs?
• Which statement about IV administration is correct regarding absorption?
• Which statement best describes the ionization behavior of most drugs?
• Extremely lipid-soluble drugs can enter the lymphatic system directly and may avoid first-pass metabolism. Which statement best reflects this?
• A vasoconstrictor would decrease rate of absorption; why would we want this?
• Which statement correctly assigns low and high blood-gas coefficients to the roles of gas in the lung?
• Which best describes passive diffusion?
• Which pharmacokinetic parameter is related to binding to plasma or tissue proteins?
• Hyaluronidase function and effect: which statement is true?
• What is the effect of P-glycoprotein on drug movement in the GI tract?
• The statement 'The primary function of the stomach is not absorption because of limited blood supply' is true or false?
• For IV administration, the drug must be in which form?
• Which transport mechanism predominates for absorption in the small intestine?
• Most drugs are what type of electrolytes?
• Which characteristic makes a drug not suitable for buccal/sublingual administration?
• Which form of transport is concentration gradient dependent?
• Which statement best describes the factors governing gas absorption in the lungs?
• Under Fick's law, the absorption process is typically described as which order?
• Which factor most quickly increases gastric emptying?
• What is the rate-limiting barrier in absorption of drugs through the skin?
• Paracellular transport occurs through tight junctions and tends to involve which molecular size?
• If a drug is highly bound to plasma proteins, how does this affect half-life and affinity?
• If gastric emptying is increased by cholinergic stimulation, what is the expected impact on absorption?
• What is a common use of epidural anesthesia?
• Which statement about IV administration is true?
• True or False: Intravenous administration can be delivered slowly or rapidly and can be stopped instantly.
• If solid content in the large intestine increases, shifting the ct curve, this would cause the curve to:
• Describe absorption in the oral cavity.
• What is the effect of high plasma protein binding on the free fraction of a drug?
• What best describes the role of membrane transport proteins?
• In general, the presence of food ______ drug absorption.
• Inducing P-glycoprotein will cause the concentration-time curve to shift in which direction?
• Which skin layer is the primary barrier to diffusion, often described as the rate-limiting barrier for percutaneous absorption?
• In a tropical climate, what is a key factor that can reduce transdermal drug effectiveness?
• What is a major benefit of IV administration regarding drug exposure variability?
• Where is epidural anesthesia commonly administered for labor analgesia?
• In which organ is P-glycoprotein primarily responsible for reducing drug absorption into systemic circulation?
• Why are drugs with extensive first-pass metabolism sometimes given orally?
• In a patient with polycythemia, the time to equilibrium for a drug is expected to be:
• Which site would you expect to have the highest penetration for a transdermal system if the stratum corneum is very thin?
• Which cell type is primarily associated with phagocytosis of large particles?
• From the following, which corresponds to quicker onset?
• The absorption site for buccal/sublingual administration has which pH?
• A drug that induces P-gp will lead to which change in the absorption of other drugs?
• What is the biggest disadvantage of IV administration?
• A formulation of a drug highly affected by P-gp would be made to have what effect on potency?
• For a gas with a low blood-gas partition coefficient, what does this imply about absorption and which factor mainly controls transfer?
• The reduction in absorption due to P-glycoprotein depends on which factors?
• Which statement best describes the overall action of P-glycoprotein?
• A drug X is a weak base. The patient has a lower gastric emptying rate. How will the concentration-time curve be affected?
• Which factor would most likely speed IM absorption?
• Inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) would result in which effect on the absorption of a coadministered drug?
• Which statement about ion trapping is correct?
• Two mechanisms by which P-glycoprotein activity can be increased are:
• What are the two types of carrier-mediated transport?
• If P-gp is inhibited, what happens to blood levels of a coadministered substrate?
• While the small intestine has all forms of drug transport, the predominant process is _______.
• Why is absorption usually faster than distribution?
• True or False: If a small drug particle reaches the alveoli and is digested by resident macrophages, the overall concentration of drug absorbed will be lower.
• Inhibition of P-gp will lead to what in the absorption of other drugs?
• Which transport process requires energy input?
• What is a key consequence of bypassing the absorption phase in IV administration?
• Which statement best describes pore transport across membranes?
• Most drugs are classified as which of the following?
• What does the fluid mosaic model describe?
• If there is more solid content in the LI, which impedes drugs from reaching epithelial cells for absorption, this shifts the ct curve _______.
• If a large drug molecule is moved back to the nasopharyngeal region and swallowed, assuming it survives stomach acid, what happens to the concentration–time curve?
• Is the relationship between penetration ratio and skin thickness first-order (proportional) or inverse?
• For a gas with low solubility in blood, what primarily determines its rate of transfer into blood?
• Paracellular transport occurs primarily through which structures?
• P-glycoprotein is an example of carrier mediated protein used in facilitated diffusion.
• Which substance is specifically taken up by the thyroid gland?
• In a scenario with a high blood-gas coefficient, which factors most influence absorption from alveoli to blood?
• Which skin region has a higher penetration ratio due to a thinner stratum corneum?
• Which type tends to be more in stomach than plasma?
• Which statement about absorption from the oral cavity is correct?
• In the simplified Fick's law, the constant P represents what combination of factors?
• Carrier-mediated transport is saturable.
• Which pharmacologic agents slow gastric emptying?
• What is the role of hyaluronidase in IM/SC injections?
• Absorption from the oral cavity will eventually reach the liver in a second circulation.
• After alveolar macrophage digestion of an inhaled particle, through which route is the drug primarily absorbed?